Michigan Islands: Lake Huron - Mackinac Island

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 A historic event in medical discovery:

Alexis St. Martin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alexis St. Martin, age 67^[1]

Alexis St. Martin (April 18, 1802^[2] – June 24, 1880) was a Canadian voyageur who is known for his part in experiments on digestion in humans, conducted by the American Army physician William Beaumont between 1822 and 1833.

Work with Beaumont

From Beaumont's Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion, 1833 (p. 27)

On June 6, 1822 Alexis St. Martin, at the fur trading post on Mackinac Island, was accidentally shot with a musket at close range. The charge of the musket shot left a hole through his side that healed to form a fistula aperture into his stomach.^[3][4]
William Beaumont, a US Army surgeon stationed at a nearby army post, treated the wound. Although St. Martin was a healthy 20-year-old, he was not expected to recover due to the severity of his wound. Beaumont explains in a later paper that the shot blew off fragments of St. Martin's muscles and broke a few of his ribs. After bleeding him and giving him a cathartic, Beaumont marked St. Martin's progress. For the next 17 days, all food he ate re-emerged from his new gastric fistula. Finally after 17 days, the food began to stay in St. Martin's stomach and his bowels began to return to their natural functions. When the wound healed itself, the edge of the hole in the stomach had attached itself to the edge of the hole in the skin, creating a permanent gastric fistula. There was very little scientific understanding of digestion at the time and Beaumont recognized the opportunity he had in St. Martin - he could literally watch the processes of digestion by dangling food on a string into St. Martin's stomach, then later pulling it out to observe to what extent it had been digested. Beaumont continued to experiment on St. Martin off and on until 1833.
Alexis St. Martin allowed the experiments to be conducted, not as an act to repay Beaumont for keeping him alive, but rather because Beaumont had the illiterate St. Martin sign a contract to work as a servant. Beaumont recalls the chores St. Martin did: "During this time, in the intervals of experimenting, he performed all the duties of a common servant, chopping wood, carrying burthens, etc. with little or no suffering or inconvenience from his wound." Although these chores were not bothersome, some of the experiments were painful to St. Martin, for example when Beaumont had placed sacks of food in the stomach, Beaumont noted: “the boy complained of some pain and uneasiness at the breast.” Other symptoms St. Martin felt during experiments were a sense of weight and distress at the scrobiculus cordis and slight vertigo and dimness of vision.

After the experiments

Alexis St. Martin, age 81 (2 years after death at 79)^[5]

Beaumont published the account of his experiments in 1838 as Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion. He and St. Martin parted ways, with Beaumont eventually going to St. Louis, Missouri, and St. Martin to his home in Quebec, Canada. Off and on for the next twenty years, Beaumont tried to get St. Martin to move to St. Louis, but the move never occurred. Beaumont died in 1853 as a result of slipping on ice-covered steps.^[6]
When Alexis St. Martin died at St-Thomas de Joliette, Quebec, in 1880 his family delayed his burial until the body began to decompose in order to prevent his “resurrection” by medical men, some of whom wished to perform an autopsy. The eminent physician Sir William Osler took a great interest in retracing the details of this early incident in the history of gastric physiology and published his research in the form of a well-known essay entitled "A Backwoods Physiologist." He also attempted to have the famous stomach placed in Army Medical Museum in Washington, DC.

Media

• The story of Alexis St. Martin's life as Beaumont's human guinea pig was featured in "To Search for Truth", a 1956 episode of Medic.
• Beaumont's experiments on St. Martin were featured in a 2012 episode of Radiolab, which aired in on 2 April.^[7]

References

1. Myer, Jesse S. (1912). Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont. C. V. Mosby Company (St. Louis). p. 282.
2. There has been on-going confusion of brothers with the same name. Alexis of this article had an older brother born in 1794 who died in January 1802. Alexis the voyageur was actually born in April, 1802 in Berthierville, Quebec and named for his brother who had died several months before. from Ancestry.com. "Alexis Bidaguin dit St. Martin baptism: Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1967: Berthierville: 1802". Retrieved 2009-06-29.
3.  Beaumont, William (1833). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. Edinburgh: Maclachlan and Stewart.
4. Harré, R. (1981). Great Scientific Experiments. Phaidon (Oxford). pp. 39–47. ISBN 0-7148-2096-2.
5. Myer, Jesse S. (1912). Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont. C. V. Mosby Company (St. Louis). p. 298.
6.  Myer, Jesse S. (1912). Life and Letters of Dr. William Beaumont. C. V. Mosby Company (St. Louis). p. 296.
7.  http://www.radiolab.org/2012/apr/02/holey-cow/ Radiolab: "Guts: Holey Cow." WNYC, April 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-30.